Which term describes the shift from crafts to factory-based production?

• A. Installment Buying
• B. Industrialization
• C. Iron Curtain
• D. Iwo Jima (Battle)

Answer: (B)

Industrialization describes the shift from crafts to factory-based production. It means moving from skilled, hand-made work by individual artisans to large-scale manufacturing in factories where machinery, standardized parts, and a division of labor speed up production and allow many goods to be made efficiently. This change often follows the introduction of powered machinery (like steam engines), leading to new business models, urbanization, and new social and economic structures as labor moves from small workshops to factories. This evolution is a defining feature of the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the late 18th century and spread to other regions.

Other options don’t fit this idea: installment buying is about paying for goods over time, the Iron Curtain refers to postwar political division, and Iwo Jima is a World War II battle.